In 1964, after Tanganyika and Zanzibar merged, and the newly independent Tanzania was founded, its first president was the important Tanzanian leader, Julius Nyerere. In 1967, Nyerere issued the Arusha Declaration calling for Tanzania to adopt policies of egalitarianism, socialism, and self-reliance.1 While the new policies resulted in the building of new schools and the improvement of water delivery to various parts of the country, the decision to establish communal farms was a disaster, resulting in huge reductions in agricultural production.2 By the 1980s, it was clear that the economic policies adopted by Tanzania in the Arusha Declaration had failed. Nyerere resigned from the presidency in 1985 although he remained an important political leader in the country. Tanzania suffered a large devaluation in its currency, saw its education and healthcare systems nearly collapse and its industrial production slow down. Tanzania’s economic crisis continued through the early 1990s. Foreign donors to Tanzania blamed the country’s one-party system and socialist policies for many of the problems. As a result of pressure from foreign donors, Tanzania repealed its laws providing for a one-party political system. Since then, a number of political parties have emerged in Tanzania. But the country’s president continues to be the dominant political force.3 The last two presidents have been pursuing economic reforms but the country is still one of the poorest countries in Africa.4
In addition to politics, a number of problems contribute to Tanzania’s poor economic condition. The country is plagued by tsetse flies that inflict the people and animals of Tanzania.5 As a result, much of the population lives on the border of the country, leaving much of the central land empty.6 Additionally, the population is dramatically lacking in medical professionals, with only “1 doctor for every 229000 people.”7 Due to the prevalence of subsistence farming, a huge part of the population lives in poverty.8 The reliance on agriculture is also being affected, as “land degradation is reducing the productivity of soils in many parts of Tanzania…Factors…include, among others, inappropriate cultivation techniques; a growing population; growing energy requirements; overstocking; and insecure land tenure.”9 Another issue affecting soil quality is the shift from “long periods of fallow with short periods of farming” to “long periods of farming with short fallow periods. This practice does not allow sufficient time for revegetation and recovery of soil fertility.”10
________________
1. "Tanazina." The Columbia Encyclopedia. 6th ed. Columbia University Press, 2004. Questia Online Library. Web. 27 Feb. 2010.
2. Iliffe, John. Africans: The History of a Continent. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. Print. 254.
3. “Tanzania.” Encyclopedia of Africa South of the Sahara. 4 vols. Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1997. Reproduced in History Resource Center. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/History/
4. "Tanazina." The Columbia Encyclopedia. 6th ed. Columbia University Press, 2004. Questia Online Library. Web. 27 Feb. 2010.
5. "Tanzania - History and Background." State University. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Mar. 2010. http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/1514/Tanzania-HISTORY-BACKGROUND.html
6. “Tanzania – History and Background.”
7. “Tanzania – History and Background.”
8. "Problems Identified in Tanzania by World Organizations". N.d. PDF file. cdm.unfccc.int/UserManagement/FileStorage/FS_353208734
9. “Problems Identified in Tanzania by World Organizations.”
10. “Problems Identified in Tanzania by World Organizations.”
Thursday, March 4, 2010
Relation of Current Issues to the Colonial History
There has been a great deal of debate about the causes of the serious problems in present-day Africa, including Tanzania. Some say that the problems are mostly “self-inflicted” as the result of political mistakes and Tanzania’s decision to adopt socialism and collectivize agriculture.1 Others point to the country’s colonial past as the root of all of its problems even though European rule only lasted in Tanzania, for less than a century.2 Tanzania’s problems, including its extreme poverty, appear to have been caused by a mix of factors.
Tanzania has avoided some of the biggest problems that a number of other African nations have faced. For example, because few European colonists settled in Tanzania and, therefore, the white population has always been very small, Tanzania has not had to overcome apartheid as some of its neighbors, such as South Africa and Rwanda, have.3 Unlike some other African states, the Tanzanian mainland has also avoided major ethnic conflicts among its various tribes. This is mainly because there are so many tribes in Tanzania (nearly 120 language groups) and none of them are dominant. Also, even if they speak another language, most Tanzanians also speak Swahili, which has helped produce a relatively unified society.4 On the other hand, Zanzibar has experienced ethnic tensions, and it traces those tensions directly to colonialism. In the late 1940s, the British rulers of Zanzibar encouraged the formation of associations along ethnic lines, and these associations later became political parties, which ended up increasing and exploiting ethnic tensions.5
Like nearly every other African nation, Tanzania has suffered negative consequences from the manner in which Africa was partitioned by the Europeans. Since the Europeans carved up the continent based mainly on their own interests and negotiations, and not internal characteristics of the continent, the nation states that emerged upon independence faced unusual economic and structural challenges. In Tanzania, there is little natural cohesion between the Tanzanian mainland and Zanzibar because their histories are so different.6 The Tanzanian mainland would seem to have more in common with its East African neighbors, Kenya and Uganda, which share geographical features such as Lake Nyasa, but they are not joined together because the British and Germans initially split up control over them, and when England later gained control over all three, Tanzania’s status as a trusteeship created a hurdle to union. When the three East African nations gained independence at different times, they continued to go their separate ways.7 The manner in which the Europeans had drawn borders also caused problems. For example, the Kagera River created a natural border between tribes that are now mostly located in Uganda and tribes that are now mostly located in Tanzania. However, the British and Germans drew the boundary line so that a piece of traditionally Ugandan territory, north of the river, was included in Tanzania. That boundary has been the subject of conflicts ever since between Uganda and Tanzania.8
Although the European colonists contributed new infrastructure to Tanzania, such as roads and railways, nearly all of that infrastructure was designed to transport goods from interior plantations and mines to ports for international trade.9 Very little was spent on connecting different parts of the country or connecting one African country with another, with the result that Tanzania has a hard time trading within its borders or trading with its neighbors. This problem was compounded by the colonists’ focus on growing cash crops for international sale, so that most East African countries ended up growing mostly the same crops and, therefore, had nothing to trade with one another.10 This lack of connecting infrastructure has worked against African unity and cooperation.
As noted above, the population of Tanzania is heavily concentrated on the coast, and there are vast empty areas in the interior of the country. The location of Tanzania’s capital has contributed to this problem. The European colonists established Dar es Salaam as the colonial capital of the Tanzanian mainland. Dar es Salaam is located on the coast and far removed from the rest of the country. This served the colonists’ interests, because they wanted to be close to the ports to control the flow of international trade. However, the result in contemporary times is that most of the financial and educational resources of Tanzania are concentrated on the coast, which limits the inland population’s access to them and causes people to move to the city even if there are not many opportunities for them there.11 Tanzania has been trying to fix this situation by moving its capital to Dodoma, which is more centrally located. However, it is too poor to move all of the capital infrastructure or to fully develop Dodoma. Also, as a practical matter, it may be impossible to persuade the private businesses and resources that have established themselves in Dar es Salaam to move.
In theory, Tanzania could fix many of the problems associated with its colonial history by building new roads and railways, developing new crops and other products, spending more money on its new capital, etc., but as one of the poorest nations in Africa and the world, it simply doesn’t have the money to do so. Tanzania is particularly hindered by its socialist past. Foreign businesses and financial investors hesitate to invest in Tanzania because they fear nationalization of their businesses and investments. As Tanzania moves further and further away from its radical socialist past, it hopes that businesses will recognize its strengths, such as its ethnic unity, and decide to invest in the country.
______________________________________
1. Iliffe, John. Africans: The History of a Continent. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. Print. 254.
2. Wesseling, H L. Divide and Rule: The Partition of Africa, 1880-1914. Trans. Arnold J Pomerans. Westport: H.L. Wesseling, 1996. Print. 372-373.
Ieuan LL. Griffiths. The African Inheritance. 63.
3. “Tanzania.” Encyclopedia of Africa South of the Sahara. 4 vols. Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1997. Reproduced in History Resource Center. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/History/
4. "Early History." zanzient.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2010. http:www.zanzient.org/Zanzibar/history/historia.html
5. Griffiths. The African Inheritance. 166.
6. Griffiths. The African Inheritance. 3.
7. Griffiths. The African Inheritance. 90.
8. Griffiths. The African Inheritance. 192.
9. Griffiths The African Inheritance. 195.
10. Griffiths. The African Inheritance. 99, 108.
11. Griffiths. The African Inheritance. 108.
Tanzania has avoided some of the biggest problems that a number of other African nations have faced. For example, because few European colonists settled in Tanzania and, therefore, the white population has always been very small, Tanzania has not had to overcome apartheid as some of its neighbors, such as South Africa and Rwanda, have.3 Unlike some other African states, the Tanzanian mainland has also avoided major ethnic conflicts among its various tribes. This is mainly because there are so many tribes in Tanzania (nearly 120 language groups) and none of them are dominant. Also, even if they speak another language, most Tanzanians also speak Swahili, which has helped produce a relatively unified society.4 On the other hand, Zanzibar has experienced ethnic tensions, and it traces those tensions directly to colonialism. In the late 1940s, the British rulers of Zanzibar encouraged the formation of associations along ethnic lines, and these associations later became political parties, which ended up increasing and exploiting ethnic tensions.5
Like nearly every other African nation, Tanzania has suffered negative consequences from the manner in which Africa was partitioned by the Europeans. Since the Europeans carved up the continent based mainly on their own interests and negotiations, and not internal characteristics of the continent, the nation states that emerged upon independence faced unusual economic and structural challenges. In Tanzania, there is little natural cohesion between the Tanzanian mainland and Zanzibar because their histories are so different.6 The Tanzanian mainland would seem to have more in common with its East African neighbors, Kenya and Uganda, which share geographical features such as Lake Nyasa, but they are not joined together because the British and Germans initially split up control over them, and when England later gained control over all three, Tanzania’s status as a trusteeship created a hurdle to union. When the three East African nations gained independence at different times, they continued to go their separate ways.7 The manner in which the Europeans had drawn borders also caused problems. For example, the Kagera River created a natural border between tribes that are now mostly located in Uganda and tribes that are now mostly located in Tanzania. However, the British and Germans drew the boundary line so that a piece of traditionally Ugandan territory, north of the river, was included in Tanzania. That boundary has been the subject of conflicts ever since between Uganda and Tanzania.8
Although the European colonists contributed new infrastructure to Tanzania, such as roads and railways, nearly all of that infrastructure was designed to transport goods from interior plantations and mines to ports for international trade.9 Very little was spent on connecting different parts of the country or connecting one African country with another, with the result that Tanzania has a hard time trading within its borders or trading with its neighbors. This problem was compounded by the colonists’ focus on growing cash crops for international sale, so that most East African countries ended up growing mostly the same crops and, therefore, had nothing to trade with one another.10 This lack of connecting infrastructure has worked against African unity and cooperation.
As noted above, the population of Tanzania is heavily concentrated on the coast, and there are vast empty areas in the interior of the country. The location of Tanzania’s capital has contributed to this problem. The European colonists established Dar es Salaam as the colonial capital of the Tanzanian mainland. Dar es Salaam is located on the coast and far removed from the rest of the country. This served the colonists’ interests, because they wanted to be close to the ports to control the flow of international trade. However, the result in contemporary times is that most of the financial and educational resources of Tanzania are concentrated on the coast, which limits the inland population’s access to them and causes people to move to the city even if there are not many opportunities for them there.11 Tanzania has been trying to fix this situation by moving its capital to Dodoma, which is more centrally located. However, it is too poor to move all of the capital infrastructure or to fully develop Dodoma. Also, as a practical matter, it may be impossible to persuade the private businesses and resources that have established themselves in Dar es Salaam to move.
In theory, Tanzania could fix many of the problems associated with its colonial history by building new roads and railways, developing new crops and other products, spending more money on its new capital, etc., but as one of the poorest nations in Africa and the world, it simply doesn’t have the money to do so. Tanzania is particularly hindered by its socialist past. Foreign businesses and financial investors hesitate to invest in Tanzania because they fear nationalization of their businesses and investments. As Tanzania moves further and further away from its radical socialist past, it hopes that businesses will recognize its strengths, such as its ethnic unity, and decide to invest in the country.
______________________________________
1. Iliffe, John. Africans: The History of a Continent. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. Print. 254.
2. Wesseling, H L. Divide and Rule: The Partition of Africa, 1880-1914. Trans. Arnold J Pomerans. Westport: H.L. Wesseling, 1996. Print. 372-373.
Ieuan LL. Griffiths. The African Inheritance. 63.
3. “Tanzania.” Encyclopedia of Africa South of the Sahara. 4 vols. Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1997. Reproduced in History Resource Center. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/History/
4. "Early History." zanzient.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2010. http:www.zanzient.org/Zanzibar/history/historia.html
5. Griffiths. The African Inheritance. 166.
6. Griffiths. The African Inheritance. 3.
7. Griffiths. The African Inheritance. 90.
8. Griffiths. The African Inheritance. 192.
9. Griffiths The African Inheritance. 195.
10. Griffiths. The African Inheritance. 99, 108.
11. Griffiths. The African Inheritance. 108.
Wednesday, March 3, 2010
Pictures!
This picture shows a hospital in the capital of Tanzania. Western influence, such as architecture, was brought in during Western Europe’s occupation of Tanzania.
"How I Acquired the Strachan and Co and F C Larkan Trade Tokens." South African Coins, Griqua Token Coins and South African Currency - the Forgotten Currency. Web. 02 Mar. 2010. http://www.tokencoins.com/story.htm
Msikiti wa Ijumaa. N.d. Zanzinet.org. Zanzinet, 2004. Web. 2 Mar. 2010. http://zanzinet.org/ zanzibar/historical_pictures.html
This is the Msikiti wa Ijumaa, Zanzibar’s central mosque for many years until more were built.
Ivory Trade. N.d. Zanzinet.org. Zanzinet, 2004. Web. 2 Mar. 2010. http://zanzinet.org/zanzibar/historical_pictures.html
This photograph depicts the ivory trade in Zanzibar.
Black and White - Photos From Africa 1937. crawfurd.dk. Jacob Crawfurd, 2010. Web. 4 Mar. 2010. http://crawfurd.dk/africa/1937bw_3.htm
This site includes pictures of Tanganyika including photographs of the city and the Tanganyikan port.
Primary Sources
The following passage is an excerpt taken from the introduction to the journal of John Hanning Speke, an English explorer who traveled to Africa in search of the source of the Nile River. During his journey Speke, made his way through all of east Africa starting in Zanzibar. The excerpt reveals Speke’s view of the language of the Wanguana, or the freed men from slavery who will act as his porters for his expedition He is meeting them in Zanzibar Speke’s view of the “strange” language shows that he holds a view where he sees himself, an Englishman, as more superior than the natives that he encounters in Zanzibar. He is obviously not taking into account that the natives would find Speke’s language just as strange as he finds their language to be:1
The language of this people is just as strange as they are themselves. It is based on euphony, from which cause it is very complex, the more especially so as it requires one to be possessed of a negro’s turn of mind to appreciate the system, and unravel the secret of its euphonic concord…There is one peculiarity, however, that I would direct the attention of the reader most particularly, which is, that Wa prefix to the essential world of a country means men or people; M prefixed means man or individual; U, in the same way, means place or locality; and Ki prefixed indicates the language. Example: Wagogo is the poeople of Gogo; Mgogo is a Gogo man; Ugogo is the country of Gogo; and Kigogo the language of Gogo.2
_______
This document provides an excerpt from The Arusha Declaration of 1967, on the policy of self-reliance in Tanzania. Because it is an official document, it provides no personal opinion or bias. However, language is often on the vague side, as the tone is “looking forward” and moving beyond the past. The document lists some policies seen as mistakes in the years preceding 1967. These being the first years of Tanzanian independence, it suggests the development of the country on its own and the desire to succeed without colonial influence.3
_________
This document chronicles German occupation in Africa. Although the native Africans were disillusioned by the treatment by the Germans, the German soldiers did not have a pleasant time attempting to colonize Africa either. This German soldier is deprived of basic needs such as food and water. Additionally, the soldier suffers days just trekking across the terrain. This document shows that many soldiers did not want to be colonizing Africa and were merely tools of government imperialism. 4
___________________________
1. Speke, John Hanning. Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile (1868). Print.
2. Speke. Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile. xxx.
3. Tanzania. "On the Policy of Self-Reliance in Tanzania." The Arusha Declaration, 1967. Comp. Paul Halsall. Fordham Modern History Sourcebook. N.p., July 1998. Web. 4 Mar. 2010. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1967-arusha.html
4."Modern History Sourcebook: Gustave Freensen: In The German South African Army, 1903-1904." FORDHAM.EDU. Web. 02 Mar. 2010. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1904freesen.html
The language of this people is just as strange as they are themselves. It is based on euphony, from which cause it is very complex, the more especially so as it requires one to be possessed of a negro’s turn of mind to appreciate the system, and unravel the secret of its euphonic concord…There is one peculiarity, however, that I would direct the attention of the reader most particularly, which is, that Wa prefix to the essential world of a country means men or people; M prefixed means man or individual; U, in the same way, means place or locality; and Ki prefixed indicates the language. Example: Wagogo is the poeople of Gogo; Mgogo is a Gogo man; Ugogo is the country of Gogo; and Kigogo the language of Gogo.2
_______
This document provides an excerpt from The Arusha Declaration of 1967, on the policy of self-reliance in Tanzania. Because it is an official document, it provides no personal opinion or bias. However, language is often on the vague side, as the tone is “looking forward” and moving beyond the past. The document lists some policies seen as mistakes in the years preceding 1967. These being the first years of Tanzanian independence, it suggests the development of the country on its own and the desire to succeed without colonial influence.3
_________
This document chronicles German occupation in Africa. Although the native Africans were disillusioned by the treatment by the Germans, the German soldiers did not have a pleasant time attempting to colonize Africa either. This German soldier is deprived of basic needs such as food and water. Additionally, the soldier suffers days just trekking across the terrain. This document shows that many soldiers did not want to be colonizing Africa and were merely tools of government imperialism. 4
___________________________
1. Speke, John Hanning. Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile (1868). Print.
2. Speke. Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile. xxx.
3. Tanzania. "On the Policy of Self-Reliance in Tanzania." The Arusha Declaration, 1967. Comp. Paul Halsall. Fordham Modern History Sourcebook. N.p., July 1998. Web. 4 Mar. 2010. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1967-arusha.html
4."Modern History Sourcebook: Gustave Freensen: In The German South African Army, 1903-1904." FORDHAM.EDU. Web. 02 Mar. 2010. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1904freesen.html
Tuesday, March 2, 2010
Cumulative Bibliography
1. “Africa in the Nineteenth Century, 1780-1914.” DISCovering World History. Online Edition. Gale, 2003. Reproduced in History Resource Center. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/History/
2. "BBC News - Tanzania country profile." BBC NEWS | News Front Page. Web. 02 Mar. 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1072330.stm
3. Black and White - Photos From Africa 1937. crawfurd.dk. Jacob Crawfurd, 2010. Web. 4 Mar. 2010. http://crawfurd.dk/africa/1937bw_3.htm
4. Burton, Andrew. "The Growh of Crime in a Colonial African Urban Centre: Dar es Salaam, Tanganyika, 1919-1961." Crime, History, & Socities 4.2 (2004): 85-115. Librairie Droz. Web. 28 Feb. 2010. http://chs.revues.org/index465.html
5. "CIA - The World Factbook -- Tanzania." Welcome to the CIA Web Site Central Intelligence Agency. Web.01 Mar. 2010. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tz.html
6. “Colonial Policies and Practice: British Policies.” Encyclopedia of Africa South of the Sahara. 4 vols. Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1997. Reproduced in History Resource Center. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/History
7. “Colonial Policies and Practice: German Policies.” Encyclopedia of Africa South of the Sahara. 4 vols. Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1997. Reproduced in History Resource Center. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/History/
8. "Early History." Zanzient. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2010. http:www.zanzient.org/Zanzibar/history/historia.html
9. "East Africa - An Overview." Africa.Upenn.edu. National Endowment for the Humanities, n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2010. http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/overview.html
10. "Eastern Africa as partitioned by the imperial powers, c. 1914." Map. Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online Library Edition. N.p., 2010. Web. 2 Mar. 2010. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/230748/German-East-Africa
11. Griffiths, Ieuan LL. The African Inheritance. New York: Routledge, 1995. Print.
12. Hanning, John Speke. Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile. Mineola: Dover Publications, Inc., 1996. Print.
13. "History of TANZANIA." HistoryWorld - History and Timelines. Web. 02 Mar. 2010. http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ad23
14. "How I Acquired the Strachan and Co and F C Larkan Trade Tokens." South African Coins, Griqua Token Coins and South African Currency - the Forgotten Currency. Web. 02 Mar. 2010. http://www.tokencoins.com/story.htm
15. Hugon, Anne. The Exploration of Africa From Cairo to the Cape. New York: Hary N. Abrams, Inc., 1993. Print.
16. Iliffe, John. Africans: The History of a Continent. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. Print.
17. “Ivory Trade.” N.d. Zanzinet.org. Zanzinet, 2004. Web. 2 Mar. 2010. http://zanzinet.org/zanzibar/historical_pictures.html
18. “Law: Anglophone Eastern Africa.” Encyclopedia of Africa South of the Sahara. 4 vols. Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1997. Reproduced in History Resource Center. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/History/
19. "Modern History Sourcebook: Gustave Freensen: In The German South African Army, 1903-1904." FORDHAM.EDU. Web. 02 Mar. 2010. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1904freesen.html
20. Msikiti wa Ijumaa. N.d. Zanzinet.org. Zanzinet, 2004. Web. 2 Mar. 2010. http://zanzinet.org/ zanzibar/historical_pictures.html
21. “Tanzania.” Encyclopedia of Africa South of the Sahara. 4 vols. Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1997. Reproduced in History Resource Center. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/History/
22. "Tanzania History.com Articles, Video, Pictures and Facts." The History Channel Home Page. Web. 28 Feb. 2010. http://www.history.com/topics/tanzania
23. “Tanzanian Independence." Lewis & Clark, Portland, Oregon USA. Web. 02 Mar. 2010. http:/legacy.lclark.edu/~peck/EAf-Orient/Tanzania/T-independence.htm
24. "Tanazina." The Columbia Encyclopedia. 6th ed. Columbia University Press, 2004. Questia Online Library. Web. 27 Feb. 2010.
25. “Tanzania.” Encyclopedia of Africa South of the Sahara. 4 vols. Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1997. Reproduced in History Resource Center. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/History/
26. "Tanzania - History and Background." State University. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Mar. 2010. http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/1514/Tanzania-HISTORY-BACKGROUND.html
27. “Tanzania." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 02 Mar. 2010 http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/582817/Tanzania
28. Tanzania. "On the Policy of Self-Reliance in Tanzania." The Arusha Declaration, 1967. Comp. Paul Halsall. Fordham Modern History Sourcebook. N.p., July 1998. Web. 4 Mar. 2010. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1967-arusha.html
29. Tanzania. Map. U.S. Department of State . N.p., Feb. 2010. Web. 2 Mar. 2010. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2843.htm
30. "Tanzania History.com Articles, Video, Pictures and Facts." The History Channel Home Page. Web. 28 Feb. 2010. http://www.history.com/topics/tanzania
31. “Tanzania.” Encyclopedia of Africa South of the Sahara. 4 vols. Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1997. Reproduced in History Resource Center. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/History/
32. “Law: Anglophone Eastern Africa.” Encyclopedia of Africa South of the Sahara. 4 vols. Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1997. Reproduced in History Resource Center. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/History/
33. "Problems Identified in Tanzania by World Organizations". N.d. PDF file. cdm.unfccc.int/UserManagement/FileStorage/FS_353208734
34. "Tanzania." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 02 Mar. 2010 http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/582817/Tanzania
35. “Tanzania.” Encyclopedia of Africa South of the Sahara. 4 vols. Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1997. Reproduced in History Resource Center. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/History/
36. "Tanazina." The Columbia Encyclopedia. 6th ed. Columbia University Press, 2004. Questia Online Library. Web. 27 Feb. 2010. http://www.questia.com/library/encyclopedia/tanzania.jsp
37. Speke, John Hanning. Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile (1868). Print.
38. Stolyarov, G., II. "A Short History of German Colonialism in Africa." Associated Content. N.p., 4 June 2007. Web. 4 Mar. 2010. http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/268245/a_short_history_of_german_colonialism.html?cat=37
39. Von Strandmann, H. Pogge. The German Role in Africa and German Imperialism: A Review Article. African Affairs, Vol. 69, No. 277 Oct., 1970. Oxford University Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/720216
40. Wesseling, H L. Divide and Rule: The Partition of Africa, 1880-1914. Trans. Arnold J Pomerans. Westport: H.L. Wesseling, 1996. Print.
2. "BBC News - Tanzania country profile." BBC NEWS | News Front Page. Web. 02 Mar. 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1072330.stm
3. Black and White - Photos From Africa 1937. crawfurd.dk. Jacob Crawfurd, 2010. Web. 4 Mar. 2010. http://crawfurd.dk/africa/1937bw_3.htm
4. Burton, Andrew. "The Growh of Crime in a Colonial African Urban Centre: Dar es Salaam, Tanganyika, 1919-1961." Crime, History, & Socities 4.2 (2004): 85-115. Librairie Droz. Web. 28 Feb. 2010. http://chs.revues.org/index465.html
5. "CIA - The World Factbook -- Tanzania." Welcome to the CIA Web Site Central Intelligence Agency. Web.01 Mar. 2010. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tz.html
6. “Colonial Policies and Practice: British Policies.” Encyclopedia of Africa South of the Sahara. 4 vols. Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1997. Reproduced in History Resource Center. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/History
7. “Colonial Policies and Practice: German Policies.” Encyclopedia of Africa South of the Sahara. 4 vols. Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1997. Reproduced in History Resource Center. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/History/
8. "Early History." Zanzient. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2010. http:www.zanzient.org/Zanzibar/history/historia.html
9. "East Africa - An Overview." Africa.Upenn.edu. National Endowment for the Humanities, n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2010. http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/overview.html
10. "Eastern Africa as partitioned by the imperial powers, c. 1914." Map. Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online Library Edition. N.p., 2010. Web. 2 Mar. 2010. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/230748/German-East-Africa
11. Griffiths, Ieuan LL. The African Inheritance. New York: Routledge, 1995. Print.
12. Hanning, John Speke. Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile. Mineola: Dover Publications, Inc., 1996. Print.
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